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Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. In short, attraction-to-repulsion stability that forms between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding. The term "covalence", in regards to bonding, was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of American Chemical Society article entitled "Isomorphism, Isosterism, and Covalence" wherein he states:[1]